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Article-I
Doctrine
Supported
Article III vs. Article I Courts: What Kind of Authority?
The federal courts are not a single category. Article III courts exercise 'the judicial Power of the United States' under structural protections the Constitution requires. Article I courts are creatures of Congress with fixed-term judges and statutorily-defined jurisdiction. The distinction is consequential — and underexamined.
Article I Court
A federal tribunal created by Congress under its Article I legislative power rather than under Article III. Judges serve fixed terms; jurisdiction is statutorily defined and revisable. The Tax Court, bankruptcy courts, and Court of Federal Claims are the leading examples.